{"id":3438,"date":"2025-04-19T22:16:23","date_gmt":"2025-04-19T22:16:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/?p=3438"},"modified":"2025-12-06T19:07:46","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T19:07:46","slug":"esxi-packet-loss-troubleshooting-with-iperf3-and-pktcap-uw-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/19\/esxi-packet-loss-troubleshooting-with-iperf3-and-pktcap-uw-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"ESXi Packet Loss Troubleshooting with iPerf3 &amp; pktcap-uw &#8211; Part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"border-left: 4px solid #3498db; padding: 10px; background-color: #eef6fc;\">\n  <strong>This article is part of the 5-part series:<\/strong><br>\n  <em>\u201cESXi Packet Loss Troubleshooting with iPerf3 and pktcap-uw\u201d<\/em>\n  <ul style=\"margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">\n    <li><u><strong>Part 1:<\/strong> Baseline Testing and Setup<\/u> \u2190 You are here <\/li>\n    <li><a class=\"effect1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/27\/esxi-packet-loss-troubleshooting-with-iperf3-pktcap-uw-part-2\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Part 2:<\/strong> Capturing UDP Traffic Under Different CPU Loads<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a class=\"effect1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/index.php\/2025\/05\/06\/esxi-packet-loss-troubleshooting-with-iperf3-pktcap-uw-part-3\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Part 3:<\/strong> Analyzing Packet Loss with Wireshark<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a class=\"effect1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/index.php\/2025\/05\/08\/esxi-packet-loss-troubleshooting-with-iperf3-pktcap-uw-part-4\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Part 4:<\/strong> UDP Loss from Link Flapping and Network Instability<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a class=\"effect1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/index.php\/2025\/05\/08\/esxi-packet-loss-troubleshooting-with-iperf3-pktcap-uw-part-5\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Part 5:<\/strong> Inter-VLAN UDP Loss Caused by Bandwidth Limits<\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you&#8217;re running a virtualized environment, keeping the network smooth and steady is key\u2014especially for apps that use UDP. Unlike TCP, UDP doesn&#8217;t bother with resending lost packets, so when something goes missing or arrives late, things can go sideways pretty fast. That\u2019s a big deal for real-time stuff like VoIP, video calls\u2026 and yes, even faxing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In one of the previous projects I worked on, we used fax servers running on virtual machines to handle fax transmissions over IP. Every now and then, we\u2019d hit a wall\u2014faxes just wouldn\u2019t go through reliably. While regular VoIP calls can live with a bit of packet loss, faxing with G.711 (aka fax in-band) is way less forgiving. Even a tiny hiccup can mess things up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, we decided to dig in. Instead of sending actual faxes, we focused on a more general approach\u2014simulating UDP traffic using various tools and measuring how well it traveled across the network. In this post, I\u2019ll walk you through how we recreated the environment in a lab, the tools we used to troubleshoot, and the test scenarios we ran to explore how factors like CPU overload or network congestion can mess with transmission quality. Let\u2019s get into it!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Understanding Packet Loss and Jitter in UDP Traffic<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Packet Loss<\/strong>: The failure of one or more transmitted packets to reach their destination. Causes include network congestion, CPU overload, or incorrect network settings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jitter<\/strong>: Variability in packet arrival time. High jitter can disrupt real-time applications, leading to voice dropouts or failed fax transmissions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Why UDP is More Vulnerable<\/strong>: Since UDP does not implement retransmission, any lost packet is permanently missing, affecting data integrity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>G.711 vs. T.38 for Fax Transmission<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>G.711 (Fax in-band)<\/strong>: Uses uncompressed PCM audio to send fax data over IP, making it highly susceptible to packet loss and jitter. Any missing or delayed packets can corrupt the fax.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T.38 (Fax over IP protocol)<\/strong>: Converts faxes into a digital data stream, making it more resilient to network fluctuations. T.38 can retransmit lost packets, ensuring higher reliability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tools for Troubleshooting Packet Loss and Jitter<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br>Windows-Based Tools:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ping<\/strong>: Basic network latency and packet loss testing (ping -t &lt;destination&gt;).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pathping<\/strong>: A combination of ping and tracert that helps identify packet loss points.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tracert<\/strong>: Traces network hops to locate latency sources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Netstat<\/strong>: Displays active network connections and potential socket issues<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Third-Party Tools:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wireshark<\/strong>: Captures and analyzes network packets for loss and jitter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>iPerf<\/strong>: Measures UDP bandwidth, loss, and jitter (iperf -c &lt;server&gt; -u -b 1M -l 1400 -t 30).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PSPing<\/strong>: Windows alternative to iPerf for latency and packet loss testing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Windows Performance Recorder (WPR)<\/strong>: Collects low-level network and CPU metrics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ESXi &amp; vSphere Tools:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>esxtop<\/strong>: Monitors CPU, memory, and network performance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>vmkping<\/strong>: Specialized ping tool for testing VMkernel network paths.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>pktcap-uw<\/strong>: A powerful built-in ESXi command-line tool for capturing network traffic at different levels (vSwitch, VMkernel, physical NIC). Useful for in-depth analysis of packet loss and jitter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>vCenter Performance Charts<\/strong>: Provides historical network performance trends.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lab Setup<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Two ESXi hosts, each managed by separate vCenters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Basic network setup: standard vSwitch, with two physical switch in between.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VMs on each host with IP connectivity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traffic generator tool: <strong>iPerf<\/strong> (UDP mode, custom port 10101).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stress tool inside VMs to simulate <strong>high CPU utilization<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Packet capture <strong>pktcap-uw<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyze network packets &#8211; Wireshark<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f08f4c9511f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"452\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on-async--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-async-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/iperf_windows.drawio-1-1024x452.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3807\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/iperf_windows.drawio-1-1024x452.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/iperf_windows.drawio-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/iperf_windows.drawio-1-768x339.png 768w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/iperf_windows.drawio-1-1536x678.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/iperf_windows.drawio-1-2048x904.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on-async--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Test Scenarios<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this section, we will focus on practical test scenarios, and through them, we will introduce various tools. Instead of merely listing tools, we will introduce them organically through real-world use cases, applying them to obtain meaningful results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Scenario 1: Baseline UDP Performance Test on ESXi<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Goal:<\/strong> In our first scenario we would like to measure packet loss and jitter under normal conditions for UDP communication at the ESXi level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We are starting with iPerf. This is a widely used network performance testing tool that measures bandwidth, packet loss, jitter, and latency for both TCP and UDP traffic. It allows precise control over testing parameters, making it valuable for diagnosing network bottlenecks and ensuring optimal performance in virtualized environments.<br><br>The tool is already present on ESXi, but with security being hardened in ESXi 8, the method of using iPerf3 for network performance testing has changed a bit from the previous versions. Before, copying and renaming the iPerf3 binary was sufficient, but this approach is no longer working. However, there are still ways to utilize iPerf3 for testing between ESXi hosts or between an ESXi host and another device.<br><br><strong>Method<\/strong>: Measure packet loss and jitter with iPerf3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Step one: Issue the following commands on both server Host and client Host:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#esxcli network firewall set --enabled false\n#localcli system settings advanced set -o \/User\/execInstalledOnly -i 0\n#cp \/usr\/lib\/vmware\/vsan\/bin\/iperf3 \/usr\/lib\/vmware\/vsan\/bin\/iperf3.copy<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Step two: Start iPerf server on one ESXi Host:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#cd \/usr\/lib\/vmware\/vsan\/bin\/\n#.\/iperf3.copy -s -B &lt;Bind-IP&gt; -p &lt;port&gt; <\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Step three: Start iPerf client on the other ESXi Host:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#cd \/usr\/lib\/vmware\/vsan\/bin\/\n#.\/iperf3.copy -c &lt;Server-IP&gt; -u -b 10M -l 1400 -i 1 -t 300 -p &lt;port&gt;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Step four: When finish the tests, issue the commands to return to previous settings:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#localcli system settings advanced set -o \/User\/execInstalledOnly -i 1\n#esxcli network firewall set --enabled true<p style=\"margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt\"><\/p><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>iPerf &#8211; the most used options<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>Option<\/th><th>Description<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>-i, &#8211;interval &lt; <em>t<\/em> | f &gt;<\/td><td>Sets the interval time in seconds between periodic bandwidth, jitter, and loss reports. If non-zero, a report is made every interval of the bandwidth since the last report. If zero, no periodic reports are printed. Default is zero.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-l, &#8211;len <em>n<\/em>[kmKM]<\/td><td>The length of buffers to read or write.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-u, &#8211;udp<\/td><td>Use UDP rather than TCP.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-B, &#8211;bind <em>host<\/em>[:<em>port<\/em>][%<em>dev<\/em>]<\/td><td>Bind to host one of this machine&#8217;s addresses. For the client, this sets the outbound interface. For a server, this sets the incoming interface.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-b, &#8211;bandwidth <em>n<\/em>[kmgKMG]<\/td><td>Set target bandwidth to <em>n<\/em> bits\/sec (default 1 Mbit\/sec) or <em>n<\/em> packets per sec. This may be used with TCP or UDP. Optionally, for variable loads, use format of &nbsp;mean,standard deviation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-P, &#8211;parallel<\/td><td>The number of simultaneous connections to make to the server. Default is 1.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-p, &#8211;port m[-n]<\/td><td>Set client or server port(s) to send or listen on per <em>m<\/em> (default 5001) w\/optional port range per m-n (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mankier.com\/1\/iperf#-p\">-p<\/a> 6002-6008)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-t, &#8211;time n<\/td><td>The time in seconds to transmit for. iPerf normally works by repeatedly sending an array of len bytes for time seconds. Default is 10 seconds.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-f, &#8211;format<\/td><td>A letter specifying the format to print bandwidth numbers in. Supported formats are different for iPerf2 and iPerf3.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>-J, &#8211;json<\/td><td>ONLY for iPerf3. Output in JSON format.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Expected Outcome<\/strong>: This test will provide initial benchmark data on UDP packet loss and jitter under normal conditions. The results will serve as a reference point for comparison in later tests, allowing us to measure how CPU overload and network congestion impact network performance.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"855\" height=\"179\" src=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3778\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik.png 855w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-300x63.png 300w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-768x161.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" 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\" alt=\"\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"856\" height=\"178\" src=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3781\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-3.png 856w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-3-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-3-768x160.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"858\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3782\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-4.png 858w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-4-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/grafik-4-768x134.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Line-by-Line Explanation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Interval<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0.00-300.00 sec: The test ran for <strong>300 seconds<\/strong> (5 minutes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Transfer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>179 MBytes: Amount of data sent during the test.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bitrate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>5.00 Mbits\/sec: <strong>Requested<\/strong> 5 Mbps bandwidth (-b 5M if you ran the command).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This means iperf3 sent UDP traffic at a constant rate of 5 Mbps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jitter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0.000 ms at sender (not meaningful here)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>0.060 ms at receiver: Very low jitter, excellent for <strong>VoIP\/fax<\/strong> quality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lost\/Total Datagrams<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0\/133929 (0%) at sender: Sent all packets successfully.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>13\/133929 (0.0097%) at receiver: Lost only <strong>13 packets<\/strong> over <strong>300 seconds<\/strong>, which is <strong>extremely low<\/strong> \u2014 practically negligible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Interpreting the Overall Result<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Metric<\/th><th>Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Packet Loss<\/strong><\/td><td>Excellent (less than 0.01%)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Jitter<\/strong><\/td><td>Excellent (0.060 ms is very low)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bandwidth Consistency<\/strong><\/td><td>Stable at 5 Mbps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Usability for Fax (G.711)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u2705 Yes, should work reliably<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>With our first practical experiment complete, we now have a solid starting point for deeper analysis. Rather than rushing through the next scenarios, we&#8217;ll take the time to explore them properly in the following parts. This way, each topic stays clear, focused, and easier to digest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>That wraps up our first test scenario! We\u2019ve laid the groundwork with a basic performance check using iPerf on ESXi and now have a solid benchmark to compare against. But this is just the beginning. In the next parts of this series, we\u2019ll turn up the heat\u2014literally\u2014by simulating CPU overload and diving into how it affects packet flow. We\u2019ll also put pktcap-uw to work and look even deeper into what\u2019s happening under the hood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So stay tuned\u2014things are about to get a lot more interesting!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Pssst! Just a quick tip before you go \u2014 if you spend a lot of time online, using a VPN is one of the easiest ways to stay safe and private. I personally use <strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\">NordVPN<\/mark><\/strong>, and it\u2019s been fast, reliable, and easy to use.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nordvpn.com\/de\/special\/?utm_medium=affiliate&amp;utm_term=&amp;utm_content&amp;utm_source=aff119651&amp;utm_campaign=off15\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"970\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/affiliate-christmas-campaign-25-970x250-en-us.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/affiliate-christmas-campaign-25-970x250-en-us.png 970w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/affiliate-christmas-campaign-25-970x250-en-us-300x77.png 300w, https:\/\/www.it-react.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/affiliate-christmas-campaign-25-970x250-en-us-768x198.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This post contains affiliate links. If you buy something through one of them, I may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. Thanks for the support!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article is part of the 5-part series: \u201cESXi Packet Loss Troubleshooting with iPerf3 and pktcap-uw\u201d Part 1: Baseline Testing and Setup \u2190 You are here Part 2: Capturing UDP Traffic Under Different CPU Loads Part 3: Analyzing Packet Loss with Wireshark Part 4: UDP Loss from Link Flapping and Network Instability Part 5: Inter-VLAN [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4231,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"Ioan Penu with ChatGPT","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[62,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-network","category-vmware"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ESXi Packet Loss Troubleshooting with iPerf3 &amp; pktcap-uw - Part 1 - IT-REACT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to set up a lab environment for ESXi network troubleshooting with iPerf3 and pktcap-uw. 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